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HTML5 is a language for structuring & presenting content for the World Wide Web, a core technology of the Internet. It is the fifth revision of the HTML standard (created in 1990 & standardized as HTML4 as of 1997) & as of September 2011 is still under development. Its core aims have been to improve the language with support for the latest multimedia while keeping it easily readable by humans & consistently understood by computers & devices (web browsers, parsers, etc.). HTML5 is intended to subsume not only HTML4, but XHTML1 & DOM2HTML (particularly JavaScript) as well.
Following its immediate predecessors HTML 4.01 & XHTML 1.1, HTML5 is a response to the observation that the HTML & XHTML in common use on the World Wide Web is a mixture of features introduced by various specifications, along with those introduced by software products such as web browsers, those established by common practice, & the many syntax errors in existing web documents. It is also an attempt to define a single markup language that can be written in either HTML or XHTML syntax. It includes detailed processing models to encourage more interoperable implementations; it extends, improves & rationalises the markup available for documents, & introduces markup & application programming interfaces (API)s for complex web applications.
In particular, HTML5 adds many new syntactical features. These include the <video>, <audio>, <header> & <canvas> elements, as well as the integration of SVG content. These features are designed to make it easy to include & handle multimedia & graphical content on the web without having to resort to proprietary plugins & APIs. Other new elements, such as <section>, <article>, <header>, & <nav>, are designed to enrich the semantic content of documents. New attributes have been introduced for the same purpose, while some elements & attributes have been removed. Some elements, such as <a>, <cite> & <menu> have been changed, redefined or standardized. The APIs & document object model (DOM) are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification. HTML5 also defines in some detail the required processing for invalid documents, so that syntax errors will be treated uniformly by all conforming browsers & other user agents.
<strong>History</strong>
The Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group (WHATWG) began work on the new standard in 2004, when the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) was focusing future developments on XHTML 2.0, & HTML 4.01 had not been updated since 2000. In 2009, the W3C allowed the XHTML 2.0 Working Group's charter to expire, & decided not to renew it. W3C & WHATWG are currently working together on the development of HTML5.
Even though HTML5 has been well known among web developers for years, it became the topic of mainstream media in April 2010 after Apple Inc's then-CEO Steve Jobs issued a public letter titled "Thoughts on Flash" where he concludes that Adobe "Flash is no longer necessary to watch video or consume any kind of web content" & that "new open standards created in the mobile era, such as HTML5, will win". This sparked a debate in web development circles where some suggested that while HTML5 provides enhanced functionality, developers must consider the varying browser support of the different parts of the standard as well as other functionality differences between HTML5 & Flash.
<strong>W3C standardization process</strong>
WHATWG started work on the specification in June 2004 under the name Web Applications 1.0. As of January 2011, the specification is in the Draft Standard state at the WHATWG, & in Working Draft state at the W3C. Ian Hickson of Google is the editor of HTML5.
The HTML5 specification was adopted as the starting point of the work of the new HTML working group of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) in 2007. This working group published the First Public Working Draft of the specification on 22 January 2008. The specification is an ongoing work, & is expected to remain so for many years, although parts of HTML5 are going to be finished & implemented in browsers before the whole specification reaches final Recommendation status.
According to the W3C timetable, it was estimated that HTML5 would reach W3C Recommendation by late 2010. However, the First Public Working Draft estimate was missed by eight months, & Last Call & Candidate Recommendation were expected to be reached in 2008, but as of January 2011 HTML5 is still at Working Draft stage in the W3C. HTML5 has been at Last Call in the WHATWG since October 2009.
Ian Hickson, editor of the HTML5 specification, expects the specification to reach the Candidate Recommendation stage during 2012. The criterion for the specification becoming a W3C Recommendation is “two 100% complete & fully interoperable implementations”. In an interview with TechRepublic, Hickson guessed that this would occur in the year 2022 or later. However, many parts of the specification are stable & may be implemented in products:
Some sections are already relatively stable & there are implementations that are already quite close to completion, & those features can be used today (e.g. <canvas>).
— WHAT Working Group, When will HTML5 be finished?, FAQ >>>>
In December 2009, WHATWG switched to an unversioned development model for the HTML5 specification. W3C will still continue with publishing a snapshot of the HTML5 specification.
On 14 February 2011, the W3C extended the charter of its HTML Working Group with clear milestones for HTML5. The Working Group is expected to advance HTML5 to "Last Call", an invitation to communities inside & outside W3C to confirm the technical soundness of the specification, in May 2011. The group will then shift focus to gathering implementation experience. W3C is also developing a comprehensive test suite to achieve broad interoperability for the full specification by 2014, which is now the target date for Recommendation.
Even as innovation continues, advancing HTML5 to Recommendation provides the entire Web ecosystem with a stable, tested, interoperable standard. The decision to schedule the HTML5 Last Call for May 2011 was an important step in setting industry expectations. Today we take the next step, announcing 2014 as the target for Recommendation.
— Jeff Jaffe, Chief Executive Officer, World Wide Web Consortium.
<strong>Markup</strong>
HTML5 introduces a number of new elements & attributes that reflect typical usage on modern websites. Some of them are semantic replacements for common uses of generic block (<div>) & inline (<span>) elements, for example <nav> (website navigation block), <footer> (usually referring to bottom of web page or to last lines of HTML code), or <audio> & <video>
<p>instead of
<object>
. Some deprecated elements from HTML 4.01 have been dropped, including purely presentational elements such as <font> &
<center>
, whose effects are achieved using Cascading Style Sheets. There is also a renewed emphasis on the importance of DOM scripting (e.g., JavaScript) in Web behavior.
The HTML5 syntax is no longer based on SGML despite the similarity of its markup. It has, however, been designed to be backward compatible with common parsing of older versions of HTML. It comes with a new introductory line that looks like an SGML document type declaration,
<!DOCTYPE html>
, which triggers the standards-compliant rendering mode. As of 5 January 2009, HTML5 also includes Web Forms 2.0, a previously separate WHATWG specification.
<strong>New APIs</strong> In addition to specifying markup, HTML5 specifies scripting application programming interfaces (APIs). Existing document object model (DOM) interfaces are extended & de facto features documented. There are also new APIs, such as:
The canvas element for immediate mode 2D drawing. See Canvas 2D API Specification 1.0 specification
Timed media playback
Offline storage database (offline web applications)
Document editing
Drag-and-drop
Cross-document messaging
Browser history management
MIME type & protocol handler registration
Microdata
Not all of the above technologies are included in the W3C HTML5 specification, though they are in the WHATWG HTML specification. Some related technologies, which are not part of either the W3C HTML5 or the WHATWG HTML specification, are as follows. The W3C publishes specifications for these separately.
Geolocation
Web SQL Database, a local SQL Database (no longer maintained).
The Indexed Database API, an indexed hierarchical key-value store (formerly WebSimpleDB).
Web Storage
File API, Handle file uploads & file manipulation.
Directories & System. This API is intended to satisfy client-side-storage use cases not well served by databases.
File Writer. An API for writing to files from web applications.
A common misconception is that HTML5 can provide animation within web pages, which is untrue. Either JavaScript or CSS3 is necessary for animating HTML elements. Animation is also possible using JavaScript & HTML 4. <strong>XHTML5</strong> XHTML5 is the XML serialization of HTML5. XML documents must be served with an XML Internet media type such as application/xhtml+xml or application/xml. XHTML5 requires XML's strict, well-formed syntax. The choice between HTML5 & XHTML5 boils down to the choice of a MIME/content type: the media type you choose determines what type of document should be used. In XHTML5 the HTML5 doctype html is optional & may simply be omitted. HTML that has been written to conform to both the HTML & XHTML specifications—and which will therefore produce the same DOM tree whether parsed as HTML or XML—is termed "polyglot markup". <strong>Error handling</strong> An HTML5 (text/html) browser will be flexible in handling incorrect syntax. HTML5 is designed so that old browsers can safely ignore new HTML5 constructs. In contrast to HTML 4.01, the HTML5 specification gives detailed rules for lexing & parsing, with the intent that different compliant browsers will produce the same result in the case of incorrect syntax. Although HTML5 now defines a consistent behavior for "tag soup" documents, those documents are not regarded as conforming to the HTML5 standard. <strong>Differences with HTML 4.01 & XHTML 1.x</strong> The following is a cursory list of differences & some specific examples.
New parsing rules: oriented towards flexible parsing & compatibility; not based on SGML
Ability to use inline SVG & MathML in text/html
New elements: article, aside, audio, bdo, canvas, command, datalist, details, embed, figcaption, figure, footer, header, hgroup, keygen, mark, meter, nav, output, progress, rp, rt, ruby, section, source, summary, time, video, wbr
New types of form controls: dates & times, email, url, search, number, range, tel, color
New attributes: charset (on meta), async (on script)
Global attributes (that can be applied for every element): id, tabindex, hidden, data-* (custom data attributes)
Deprecated elements will be dropped altogether: acronym, applet, basefont, big, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, isindex, noframes, strike provides the latest Editors Draft (last dated 10 May 2011) of "HTML5 differences from HTML4", which provides a complete outline of additions, removals & changes between HTML5. The HTML5 logo On 18 January 2011, the W3C introduced a logo to represent the use of or interest in HTML5. Unlike other badges previously issued by the W3C, it does not imply validity or conformance to a certain standard. As of 1 April 2011, this logo is official.
When initially presenting it to the public, the W3C announced the HTML5 logo as a "general-purpose visual identity for a broad set of open web technologies, including HTML5, CSS, SVG, WOFF, & others". Some web standard advocates, including The Web Standards Project, criticised that definition of "HTML5" as an umbrella term, pointing out the blurring of terminology & the potential for miscommunication. Three days later, the W3C responded to community feedback & changed the logo's definition, dropping the enumeration of related technologies. The W3C then said the logo "represents HTML5, the cornerstone for modern Web applications".
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Filename extension .html, .htm
Internet media type text/html
Type code TEXT
Uniform Type Identifier public.html
Developed by World Wide Web Consortium and WHATWG
Type of format Markup language
Extended from SGML
Extended to XHTML5
Open format? Yes
Website whatwg.org/html
w3.org/TR/html5
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